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Spain Irrational Triumph: Cultural Despair, Military Nationalism, and Ideological Origins of Franco's Spain by Geoffrey Jensen, A nationalist vision, strongly rooted in Spanish Catholicism and military culture, was one of the most powerful ideological tools of the Franco regime until its demise in 1975. Although nationalist movements in Spain's Basque and Catalan provinces have been closely studied, hitherto little attention has been given to the origins and evolution of nationalism in Spain itself. In this meticulously researched and brilliantly argued study, historian Geoffrey Jensen examines the complex and richly diverse origins of Francoist nationalism. In the years following defeat in the Spanish-American War, Spain's leading intellectual figures struggled to explain the reasons for their country's decline and to argue over possible means to regenerate the nation. Among these figures were members of Spain's Restoration officer corps, men whose views reflected a surprisingly wide range of ideas and political positions, who participated in the new intellectual movements that attracted so much attention elsewhere in Europe, and whose values ranged from extreme conservatism to Nietzschean modernism. The diversity of this military culture, as Jensen demonstrates, gradually narrowed as events in early twentieth-century Spain seemed to encourage ever more radical solutions to the social, political, and economic unrest of the period. Jensen's pathbreaking analysis of Spain's military culture during the years between 1898 and the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 marks a major contribution to our understanding of subsequent Spanish history. Focusing on the intellectual world of Spain's military elite -- its education, values, and the writings of some of its leading intellectual figures --Irrational Triumph reveals the evolution of a military culture that ultimately became a principal bulwark for Franco's fascist regime and whose monolithic nationalist vision shaped the fate of Spain and the country's non-Castilian minorities for the rest of the century.
Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan From one of the greatest historians of the Spanish world, here is a fresh and fascinating account of Spain's early conquests in the Americas. Hugh Thomas's magisterial narrative of Spain in the New World has all the characteristics of great historical literature: amazing discoveries, ambition, greed, religious fanaticism, court intrigue, and a battle for the soul of humankind. Hugh Thomas shows Spain at the dawn of the sixteenth century as a world power on the brink of greatness. Her monarchs, Fernando and Isabel, had retaken Granada from Islam, thereby completing restoration of the entire Iberian peninsula to Catholic rule. Flush with success, they agreed to sponsor an obscure Genoese sailor's plan to sail west to the Indies, where, legend purported, gold and spices flowed as if they were rivers. For Spain and for the world, this decision to send Christopher Columbus west was epochal--the dividing line between the medieval and the modern. Spain's colonial adventures began inauspiciously: Columbus's meagerly funded expedition cost less than a Spanish princess's recent wedding. In spite of its small scale, it was a mission of astounding scope: to claim for Spain all the wealth of the Indies. The gold alone, thought Columbus, would fund a grand Crusade to reunite Christendom with its holy city, Jerusalem. The lofty aspirations of the first explorers died hard, as the pursuit of wealth and glory competed with the pursuit of pious impulses. The adventurers from Spain were also, of course, curious about geographical mysteries, and they had a remarkable loyalty to their country. But rather than bridging earth and heaven, Spain's many conquests bore a bitter fruit. In their searchfor gold, Spaniards enslaved "Indians" from the Bahamas and the South American mainland. The eloquent protests of Bartolome de las Casas, here much discussed, began almost immediately.
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